专题05 【培优小题狂练】阅读理解“态度推断”题(考情+技法+真题+模拟)-2024年新高考英语二轮

2024-01-06 · 23页 · 711.3 K

2024年新高考英语二轮复习【培优小题狂练】专题05阅读理解“态度推断”题(考情+技法+真题+模拟)解析版【近年高考考情】1.(2023年新高考I卷)第35题P12.(2023年全国甲卷)第31题P33.(2023年全国乙卷)第23题P54.(2022北京卷)第34题P65.(2021年新高考I卷)第34题P86.(2021年全国甲卷)第34题P97.(2020全国I卷)第34题P10【解题实用技法】 态度观点态度类试题的解题方法:第一:结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一(些)段;然后仔细比对该句言外之意;第二:加入自己的态度。要注意区分试题考查的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度;第三:态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度,尤其是动词、形容词和副词,如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。乐观支持类词汇:optimistic乐观的;positive肯定的;favorable支持的,赞同的;supportive支持的;approving赞成的客观中立类词汇:objective客观的;neutral中立的;cautious谨慎的消极反对类词汇:negative否定的;opposite相反的;unfair公正的;doubtful怀疑的;indifferent漠不关心的;critical批评的;ironic讽刺的;skeptical质疑的;disappointed失望的;disapproving不赞同的;pessimistic悲观的;dismissive轻蔑的,不屑一顾的【高考真题再练】 01(2023年新高考I卷D篇)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall B.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicate D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups. B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess. D.Theindividualestimates.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【答案】32.B33.D34.C35.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛,文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明,在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。32.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实,即当人们犯错误时,这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估,或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们会相互抵消,从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误,那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因,人们的错误变得相关或依赖,估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知,本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计,讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是,当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时,这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如,从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知,人们在没有独立的情况下,分成更小群体,平均值是更准确的,说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下,准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人?他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗?)”可知,在后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在

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